1.发情征兆

The three stages of the big bear cat's 发情期分为前期,中期,高峰期三个阶段，收集各种发情征兆和行为等信息。 ( Table 1）针对在2001年至2020年期间在2月～6月里发情并成功交配的10起事例，对雄性和雌性的发情阶段进行了分类。 (Table 2) Since the first day of mating is the 0th day of the month, the number of days (mean±标准差) of the various 发情征兆发现了发现. Male and female animals are basically in the same phase of mid-phase and peak phase, but female animals usually appear in the early phase about 1 month before mating, and male animals appear 2 to 3 months before mating.

• Table1.发情阶段的分类

  发情阶段		Signs and Conduct
  scalpel	first half of the year	做标记,水浴,阴部1级
  	mid-life	For male sexuality,阴部2级
  		引道黏膜细胞角质形成细胞增加发情激素水平升高
  	发情高峰期	Level of Yinbei's level of intensity from peak to peak
  		male-directed preference => mating
  manliness	first half of the year	做标记,水浴
  	mid-life	For female interest
  	发情高峰期	For females, masturbation => mating

• Table 2.Time of each 个阶段出现发情征兆的時間间

  	first half of the year	mid-life	发情高峰期
  female	-20.0±12.2 days	7.6±1.4 days	0.6±0.8 days
  manliness	2~3 months	6.3±2.0 days	2.4±1.9 days

  Mating day 1 为第0天 n=7

用语说明及补充

• Yin Part Grading: Based on color and condition of the affected area, grades 1-3 are assigned.
• Screaming: A cry that is characteristic of the emotional stage.
• 阴道黏膜细胞：你园对排泄在尿液中的细胞进行巴氏染色后,分成蓝色有核细胞、红色有核细胞、无核细胞进行计数
• Estrone-3-Glucuronide (E1G), one of the most important substances in the urinary fluid, was detected in this study.

2. 找准交交交期

The changes in the E1G level and the signs of the "Ryahama" in 2020 are summarized in Figure 1, which shows that Ryahama appears to have a higher E1G level, an increase in the number of calls, a rise in the number of calls, and a flushing of the lips. Finally, after the male and female polar bears are mutually declawed and the female performs a show of affection by moving her buttocks toward the male and tail-balls up, the two polar bears are able to live together and mate successfully. The report indicates that the ovulation period of the bear cat is when the level of emotional intensity drops sharply from the peak, so the mating time in 2020 will also coincide with the ovulation period. Babara et al. (2003) collected cells in the fluid from the lips and used the Baba staining method to separate the nucleus alkaline, nucleus acidus and non-nucleus keratinogenic cells. It is reported that about 1 round before mating, tardive and acidic cells cross, and 2 to 3 days before mating, the proportion of keratinocytes exceeds that of other cells, so it is effective to predict the optimal mating period ahead of time. In order to reduce the burden on the big cats, it is not possible to directly collect from the YinDao from viscous cells, but to watch the shedding of cells from the urinary drainage. The change in the number of cells in the YinDao viscera (Figure 2) shows that acidic cells and keratinocyte-forming cells are both dominant in the 6 days before mating and the 2 days before mating, and the same is true for the cells that drop out as a result of urinary drainage.

阴道黏膜脱落细胞(巴氏染色法)随尿液排出的阴道黏膜脱落细胞(巴氏染色法)

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  发情中期（有核嗜碱性细胞和有核嗜酸性细胞）

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  发情高峰期（无核角质形成细胞占优优）

Figure 1: Changes in E1G levels in urinary fluid (Ryohama, 2020)

Figure 2: Change of 黏道阴道细膜胞及E1G的変化化（2020年 良浜）

3. mating conditions

The Shirahama Wildlife Park is the first choice for natural mating, with the goal of achieving synchronization of male and female reproductive periods. Finally, from 2001 to 2020, we have confirmed 14 mating seasons. Each mating is considered as a natural mating, but in 2001, 2006 and 2008, the male lost interest in the female, so artificial insemination was used at the same time. Of the 14 breeding attempts, there were 11 litters with a conception rate of 78.6%. In recent years, the problem of the aging of the individual polar bears, which have the ability to reproduce, has become more and more serious. For example, after the male bear cat "Yongming" became 24 yeas old in 2016, he was able to reduce his mating time to the shortest possible, and he now has more than 7 hours between mating, so he can have more time to rest.

Shirahama Wildlife Park's Great Bear Cat Mating Situation